AWS Glue vs AWS Lambda: Differences and Use Cases

These days many organizations wish to establish processes to fetch maximum value out of their data. This includes setting up fault-tolerant ETL pipelines and choosing the right storage and cloud strategy. Addressing the market’s requirements, many cloud providers offer various ETL Tools as services. 

AWS, too, provides its users with serverless computing platforms like Lambda and Glue. Both the services are serverless and offer a pay-per-use pricing model. While both the services provide compute capability they also come with their own set of unique features. Hence it becomes important to understand them and select the right one for your use case. In this article, we will explore AWS Glue vs AWS Lambda, compare their key differences, and determine the best use cases for each service.

What is AWS Glue

AWS Glue is a fully managed Data Integration service that helps its users prepare, discover, catalog, clean, and transform data from various sources. It supports connection to more than 70 data sources so that various teams can discover and manage data in a centralized data catalog. Cataloged data can be easily accessed with tools like Amazon Athena, Amazon EMR, Amazon Redshift, etc.

Components of AWS Glue

AWS Glue ships with many features that can be accessed under different components. Here, we discuss various components of AWS Glue.

• Data catalog: The Data catalog holds the schema and metadata of the data. 
• Amazon Glue Crawlers: Crawlers register/create metadata for data from the source and register it in the data catalog.
• Job: AWS Glue Jobs carry out processing for ETL tasks. Python or Scala is used to write business logic for these jobs.
• Trigger: Glue Jobs can be scheduled based on time, or triggers can be set up based on events. 
• Development endpoint: Allows developers to use their preferred integrated development environment (IDE) to develop, test, and debug their ETL code.

Key Features of AWS Glue 

• Data Catalog: Search across all your data sources by cataloging in AWS.
• Manage schema access: Users can implement fine-grained access control to databases and tables.
• Job Scheduling: Automates the running of ETL jobs based on time or events.
• Serverless streaming ingestion: Users can create serverless ingestion pipelines and prepare their streaming data on the go. 
• Clean data with Machine learning: With the Find matches feature of AWS Glue, users can clean and prepare data for their analysis needs. This feature deduplicates data based on values in fields. 
• Detecting sensitive data: AWS Glue sensitive data detections lets you identify and process crucial data on the fly.
• Monitor jobs: AWS Glue provides various automated monitoring tools like AWS Cloudwatch logs, Apache Spark UI access for spark-based applications, AWS Glue Job run insights, and Cloudtrail to help users with full control of their jobs.
• ETL Workflows: Users can define workflows on their jobs, triggers, and crawlers to serve their ETL needs.

Advantages of Using AWS Glue

• Support for a Wide Range of Data Sources: AWS Glue provides seamless integration with various AWS services. It directly supports data stored in Amazon Relational Database Service (RDS), Amazon S3, Amazon Redshift, and Amazon Aurora and with various common database engines via ODBC and JDBC connectors, thus providing hassle-free integration with these services.
• Automated Data Discovery: Glue automatically catalogs and discovers data. By setting up crawlers, It can automatically crawl data sources, identify data formats, and register metadata with the catalog. It can also automatically generate code to run transformation, reducing the effort needed to build, maintain, and run ETL jobs. 
• Scalability: Scales automatically based on workload.
• Cost-Effective: Since AWS Glue is serverless, users only need to pay for the resources used during ETL jobs. 
• Ease of Use: AWS Glue is easy to use. Its console provides a user-friendly interface to create and set up jobs and crawlers. With advanced filtering capability, one can find required tables from the catalog easily.

Limitations of Using AWS Glue

• Learning Curve: While it is easy to use, users may require time to learn and understand its capabilities.
• Spark Dependency: AWS Glue jobs run on the Apache Spark engine. This means that engineers writing ETL code should also know spark well. Additionally, code can be written in Scala or Python so engineers must also be well versed with these languages.
• Limited to the AWS ecosystem: While Glue is great for working with other AWS services, it lacks integrations with products outside the AWS ecosystem, thus limiting choices in using open-source frameworks.
• Limited control over Spark configuration: While AWS Glue manages the Apache Spark cluster used for processing, it limits the user’s access to control and optimizes Spark configuration fully for special use cases.
• Cost: AWS Glue is a serverless service. Though it is cost-effective in the sense that users only pay for what they use, users also need to be well-versed in monitoring usage and choosing the right resources to minimize costs. For example, using reserved instances for their regular needs can help them save costs.

What is AWS Lambda

AWS Lambda is a serverless computing service that executes code known as lambda functions in response to events. It automatically scales resources, letting users run code on high-availability compute infrastructure without worrying about the administration of managing servers. When using Lambda, users are only responsible for their code in one of the supported language runtimes. AWS Lambda manages the compute fleet, capacity, monitoring, and logging for your functions.

Components of AWS Lambda

• Lambda Function: Lambda functions are where users ship their actual code to perform tasks in the language runtimes supported by Lambda.
• Configuration: In the Configuration section, users can specify any dependency layers they need to attach, any permissions required by the function to execute, Environment variables, Security configurations, and many more. It controls how functions will be executed.  
• Event Source: Since Lambda functions execute in response to events, event sources can be configured to trigger functions in response to some events triggered by AWS services or a third-party service. However, setting up event sources is not mandatory.

Key Features of Lambda

• Layers: Dependencies and packages needed by your code can be shipped together as layers to reduce the size of deployment bundles and deploy your code quickly.
• Container Images: Users can also create container images with their base image or an AWS-provided base image and deploy them on lambda. This empowers them to reuse these images with their own set of containerization tools for variable workloads.
• Environment Variables: Environment variables can run configurable code, allowing you to reuse code for different use cases.
• Concurrency control: AWS Lambda gives its users full control over scaling policies and the responsiveness of their production applications.
• Code Signing: Code signing enables customers to allow approved developers to alter and publish code to lambda functions.
• Private Networking: Lambda’s can be created and deployed in the same private network as a database and internal services referenced in lambda code. 
• File System Access: Amazon EFS can be mounted to lambda functions to access and modify shared resources safely and at high concurrency.

Advantages of Using Lambda

• Cost Efficiency: AWS Lambda is a serverless service. Hence, users only pay for the compute time their function executes.
• No Server Management: AWS Lambda is responsible for the availability, provisioning, and maintenance of servers, eliminating the need to manage them. 
• Scalability: AWS Lambda automatically scales based on workload.
• Quick Deployment: AWS Lambda supports shipping libraries as layers, reducing the size of deployment code and enabling rapid deployment.
• Integration: AWS lambda easily integrates with various AWS services. Lambda functions can be integrated with pre-trained machine learning (ML) models to classify images, perform NLP processing, and many more.
• Resiliency: Code in AWS Lambda is more resilient under load and suboptimal conditions. Lambda’s statelessness ensures that it does not affect other functionalities.
• Modular Design: AWS Lambda can be used to build scalable architecture. It encourages microservices and modular functions as an architectural design pattern.

Limitations of Using Lambda

• Execution Timeout: AWS Lambda has a limitation of a maximum execution time of 15 minutes, making it a bad choice for large data processing workloads.
• Cold Starts: Since Lambda works on containerization, first executions can experience latency. 
• Resource Limits: AWS Lambda has limitations in memory and computing resources that can be used for execution. 
• Complexity in Debugging and Monitoring: Since AWS Lambda encourages microservices and modular architecture, it might lead to complex applications with numerous functions. Due to the distributed nature of the architecture, debugging, tracing, and monitoring can be challenging.
• Vendor Lock-In: AWS Lambda functions are tightly coupled with AWS Services and infrastructure. Hence creating Vendor LockIn. 
• No Control Over Environment: For ease of execution and reduction in cost, users have less control over the environment. They might want to look for some other services for extra OS configuration needs.

AWS Glue vs AWS Lambda: Key Differences

Criteria	AWS Glue	AWS Lambda
Purpose and Scope	Primarily used for ETL processes, data cataloging, and preparing data for analytics.	Designed for running code in response to events.Ideal for microservices and event-driven applications.
Performance and Scalability	Scales automatically but has limitations on the execution time of 15 minutes on memory and compute allocation.	AWS Glue scripts can be deployed using cloud formation templates. Any extra libraries/dependencies can be passed by uploading them to AWS s3 and then passing the s3 path into the job.
Cost	Pay-per-use based on the resources consumed during ETL jobs	Pay-per-use based on the execution time and number of requests.
Integration	Integrates seamlessly with AWS data services like S3, RDS, and Redshift.	Integrates with a wide range of AWS services, enabling event-driven workflows.
Ease in deployment	AWS Glue scripts can be deployed using cloud formation templates.Any extra libraries/dependencies can be passed by uploading them to AWS s3 and then passing the s3 path into the job.	Lambda’s can be deployed quickly as they support layers to ship dependencies. AWS Lambda also supports deployment with cloud formation.
Language Support	AWS Glue Jobs can be written in Python and Scala	AWS Lambda supports development in most languages like Python, Golang, Java, Nodejs, etc.

Factors to Consider when Choosing between AWS Glue and Lambda

Functionality

• AWS Glue is Designed for data integration tasks, such as cleaning, transforming, and moving data between different data stores. It also serves data cataloging needs for an organization looking for Digital Transformation. It can be used where the customer has a use case for data migration or data preparation for analytics needs.
• AWS Lambda is good for use cases that require running short-lived, stateless functions. For example, Lambda functions can be used for Real-time file processing, data transformation on the fly, lightweight API backends, and task automation.

Execution Model

• AWS Glue runs on the Apache Spark environment. It is ideal for processing large datasets in batches. For example, it can be used to aggregate data on a daily or weekly basis for analytics KPIs.
• AWS Lambda can run short-lived tasks concurrently in response time, making them ideal for real-time processing use cases. For example, AWS Lambda can be used to ingest real-time IOT data.

Data Volume

• AWS Glue is designed to handle large datasets with high throughput with the help of the Apache Spark engine. Hence it is ideal for scenarios where large data sets need to be processed.
• AWS Lambda is charged based on the number of requests and execution time. Since AWS Lambda has execution time and resource limits, It is ideal for small datasets like ingesting real-time IOT data into the database.

Cost

• AWS Glue is charged based on DPUs (Data Processing Units) and the duration of your job. There are separate charges for crawler runtime and data catalog storage
• AWS Lambda charges based on the number of requests and the compute time required. Additional costs may apply for data transfer and storage when integrated with other AWS services.

Complexity

• With developer developer-friendly User interface and automation features, it is easy to set up for ETL tasks in AWS Glue. It requires minimal management for handling AWS infrastructure.
• AWS Lambda is easy to deploy without caring for the underlying infrastructure. It integrates seamlessly with AWS Services like S3, Dynamodb, and many more to serve your event processing needs.

Scalability 

• AWS Glue scales automatically based on the workload. It is designed to handle large datasets. It also has built-in optimization for data processing tasks.
• AWS Lambda can scale up to handle multiple incoming events but may require fine-tuning to avoid throttling. It is best suited for tasks that can be completed within a few seconds to minutes.

When should we use AWS Glue or AWS Lambda?

• Complex ETL Workflows: If your data processing requires complex Extract, Transform, and Load (ETL) operations, AWS Glue is the better choice. It offers built-in data cleansing, transformation, and cataloging tools, making it ideal for managing large-scale data pipelines.
• Data Integration with Multiple Sources: AWS Glue is designed to seamlessly integrate with various data sources such as S3, RDS, Redshift, and external databases. If your workload involves combining and processing data from multiple sources, Glue’s data catalog and built-in connectors streamline this process.
• Event-Driven Data Processing: AWS Lambda is ideal if your application needs to trigger data processing tasks based on specific events (e.g., file uploads and database changes). Lambda allows you to execute code responding to these events with minimal latency, making it suitable for real-time data processing.
• Simple or Short-Lived Tasks: AWS Lambda is more appropriate for simple data transformation tasks or operations that can be completed within a few seconds. Lambda’s pay-per-use pricing model is cost-efficient for short-lived functions, making it perfect for lightweight processing tasks.

Leveraging Hevo for No-Code ETL

While AWS Glue and AWS Lambda are powerful tools for data processing and ETL tasks, they have limitations that can be addressed using Hevo. Hevo is a cloud-based no-code data movement platform.  Here is how Hevo can help you write no-code ETL”

• Ease of Use: AWS Glue and Lambda can be complex to configure and require knowledge of AWS services, IAM roles, and other AWS-specific configurations. Hevo provides a no-code, drag-and-drop interface that makes it easy for users of all technical levels to create and manage ETL pipelines.
• Time Savings: With options of many pre-built connectors and transformations, Hevo helps reduce the development and maintenance cycle. 
• Scalability: AWS Glue and Lambda require careful resource management and tuning to optimize performance and cost, which can be challenging. Hevo automatically manages resources and scales with your data needs, eliminating the need for manual tuning and optimization.
• Real-time data processing: Hevo ensures consistent performance without cold start latency, making it suitable for both batch and real-time data processing. Support for real-time data integration ensures that data is always current and ready for analysis.
• SaaS offering on AWS Marketplace: Hevo is available on AWS Marketplace with a SaaS offering for customers who want to use their AWS accounts for infra needs. Hevo provides hassle-free integration with AWS while following data security and compliance with industry standards.

Conclusion

In this article, we discussed the capabilities, purpose, advantages, and limitations of AWS Glue vs AWS Lambda. Where AWS Glue is ideal for ETL processes and data preparation, AWS Lambda serves best for event-driven applications and microservices. Both of them come with their own set of powerful features and limitations for different use cases.

Find alternative tools to AWS Glue that provide different strengths in data processing, scalability, and pricing. Learn more at exploring AWS Glue alternatives.

Hevo can help address their limitations by providing a no-code, user-friendly interface that simplifies the ETL process. With Hevo, users can easily set up and manage data pipelines without deep technical expertise, reducing development cycles and focusing on fetching maximum business value. 

Schedule a customized demo to see Hevo in action!

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