This article is basically focused on providing a comprehensive BigQuery Tutorial. You will also gain a holistic understanding of Batch Processing, its key features, Spring framework, Spring Batch, and a step-by-step guide to developing a Spring Boot application through Spring Batch Jobs. Read along to find out in-depth information in the BigQuery Tutorial.
Table of Contents
What is Google BigQuery?
It is Google Cloud Platform’s enterprise data warehouse for analytics. Google BigQuery performs exceptionally even while analyzing huge amounts of data & quickly meets your Big Data processing requirements with offerings such as exabyte-scale storage and petabyte-scale SQL queries. It is a serverless Software as a Service (SaaS) application that supports querying using ANSI SQL & houses machine learning capabilities.
Key Features of Google BigQuery
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Some of the key features of Google BigQuery are as follows:
1) Scalable Architecture
BigQuery has a scalable architecture and offers a petabyte scalable system that users can scale up and down as per load.
2) Faster Processing
Being a scalable architecture, BigQuery executes petabytes of data within the stipulated time and is more rapid than many conventional systems. BigQuery allows users to run analysis over millions of rows without worrying about scalability.
3) Fully-Managed
BigQuery is a product of the Google Cloud Platform, and thus it offers fully managed and serverless systems.
4) Security
BigQuery has the utmost security level that protects the data at rest and in flight.
5) Real-time Data Ingestion
BigQuery can perform real-time data analysis, thereby making it famous across all the IoT and Transaction platforms.
6) Fault Tolerance
BigQuery offers replication that replicates data across multiple zones or regions. It ensures consistent data availability when the region/zones go down.
7) Pricing Models
The Google BigQuery platform is available in both on-demand and flat-rate subscription models. Although data storage and querying will be charged, exporting, loading, and copying data is free. It has separated computational resources from storage resources. You are only charged when you run queries. The quantity of data processed during searches is billed.
For further information on Google BigQuery, you can check the official website here.
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Why Use BigQuery?
The primary reason to use BigQuery is for analytical querying. BigQuery enables you to run complex analytical queries on large data sets. Queries are data requests that can include calculation, modification, merging, and other data manipulations. BigQuery is aimed at making analytical queries that go beyond simple CRUD operations and has a high throughput.
This completes your BigQuery Tutorial on the reason for using Google BigQuery.
How to Use BigQuery?
You can use BigQuery for the following use cases:
- Interacting with BigQuery
- Running and Managing Jobs
- Working with datasets
- Working with table schemas
- Working with tables
- Working with partitioned tables
- Working with clustered tables
- Working with table snapshots
- Working with views
- Working with materialized views and many more.
For detailed information on the BigQuery Tutorial on the use cases of Google BigQuery, visit Google BigQuery’s website.
Understanding the BigQuery Architecture
Google’s BigQuery service follows a four-layer structure, this BigQuery Tutorial helps you to understand the architecture in detail. The first layer is known as projects, which act as a top-level container for the data you want to store in the Google Cloud Platform. Datasets make up the second layer of Google BigQuery. You can have single or multiple datasets in a particular project.
The third layer is known as the tables, which store your data in the form of rows and columns. Just like datasets, you can have single or multiple tables in a dataset. The final layer of BigQuery is known as jobs and it’s all about executing SQL queries to fetch, insert and modify data. Also, read Bigquery Array.
Image Source: Self
You can learn more about the four layers of BigQuery in the following sections:
1) BigQuery Projects
BigQuery projects function as the top-level container for your data. Each project has a unique name and id, which makes storing, accessing and removing data from BigQuery, a smooth process.
BigQuery projects follow a particular naming convention and allow users to name their projects in such a way that the names must start with a lower case character and can only contain digits, hyphens and ASCII values.
To create a project in BigQuery, you can use the create command as follows:
gcloud projects create PROJECT_ID
This completes your BigQuery Tutorial on BigQuery projects.
2) BigQuery Datasets
BigQuery datasets act as the container for your tables and views, with each dataset having multiple tables that store your data. With datasets, you can manage, control and access your data from tables and views. You can also set permissions at the organisation, project and dataset level.
You can create a dataset in BigQuery using the bq command as follows:
bq mk test_dataset
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This completes your BigQuery Tutorial on BigQuery datasets.
3) BigQuery Tables
BigQuery stores your data in the form of rows and columns in numerous tables. Each BigQuery table follows a particular schema that describes the columns, their name and datatypes.
Image Source: Self
BigQuery allows users to create three different types of tables:
- Native Tables: These tables make use of the BigQuery storage to store your data.
- External Tables: These tables make use of external storage facilities such as Google Drive, Google Cloud Platform, etc. to store your data.
- Views: These are the virtual tables that a user can define using SQL queries, usually done to control the column level access.
To create a native table in BigQuery, you can use the following command:
bq mk
--table
--expiration 36000
--description "test table"
bigquery_project_id:test_dataset.test_table
sr_no:INT64,name:STRING,DOB:DATE
Image Source: Self
This completes your BigQuery Tutorial on BigQuery tables.
4) BigQuery Jobs
BigQuery jobs refer to the operations you perform on your data. With BigQuery, you can perform four different operations/tasks, namely, load, query, export and copy on the data you’ve stored in the BigQuery. Every time you execute one of these tasks, it automatically creates a job.
BigQuery allows users to fetch information about the jobs they’ve created using the ls command. You can use the ls command as follows:
ls -j project_id
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This completes your BigQuery Tutorial on BigQuery jobs.
BigQuery Tutorial: Accessing BigQuery Data
BigQuery allows users to access their data using various SQL commands in a way similar to how they access their data stored in traditional SQL-based databases such as SQL, Oracle, Netezza, etc. It also allows users to access their BigQuery data using various other ways such as using the bq command, BigQuery service APIs, using a visualization tool such as Google Data Studio, Looker, etc.
To access the data using the select statement, you can make use of the following syntax:
select columns_names from table_name where condition group by column_name order by column_name
For example, if you want to fetch data from the “bigquery-public-data” table, you can use the select statement as follows:
SELECT title, count(1) as count FROM `bigquery-public-data.wikipedia.pageviews_2019`
WHERE date(datehour ) between '2019-01-01' and '2019-12-31' and lower(title) like '%bigquery%'
group by title
order by count desc;
This query will display the number of times the term “bigquery” featured as the title of a Wikipedia page in 2019, and it will generate the following output:
Image Source: Self
Apart from allowing users to access or modify their data using a select statement, BigQuery also supports various other functionalities such as providing integration support for reporting tools such as Google Data Studio, Tableau, etc. It also allows streaming data directly from a source of your choice to leverage the power of real-time analytics.
To throw some light on this BigQuery Tutorial on accessing BigQuery data, there are several sections:
1) Save Query
In BigQuery, you can save queries that you want to use later. The steps are as follows:
- Step 1: Click on the “Save” button. Then, click on “Save Query“.
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- Step 2: Give a name to your query and choose its visibility as per your need.
- Step 3: Click on the “Save” button.
Image Source: Self
Your saved queries are visible in the respective popup tab.
2) Schedule Query
The steps to schedule a query in BigQuery are as follows:
- Step 1: Click on the “Schedule” button. You will be notified that you must first enable the BigQuery Data Transfer API.
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- Step 2: Click on the “Enable API” button and wait for a while.
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- Step 3: Now, you’ll be able to create scheduled queries when you click on the “Schedule” button.
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- Step 4: Click the “Create new scheduled query” option and define the parameters accordingly. Optionally, you can set up advanced and notification options.
- Step 5: Click the “Schedule” button when the setup is complete.
Image Source: Self
This completes your BigQuery Tutorial on scheduling queries in BigQuery.
3) Export Query
To export your query results, the steps are as follows:
- Step 1: Click on the “Save Results” button and select one of the available options:
- CSV file
- Download to your device (up to 16K rows)
- Download to Google Drive (up to 1GB)
- JSON file
- Download to your device (up to 16K rows)
- Download to Google Drive (up to 1GB)
- BigQuery table
- Google Sheets (up to 16K rows)
- Copy to clipboard (up to 16K rows)
Image Source: Self
- Step 2: Suppose, you select the “BigQuery table” option.
- Step 3: Now, you need to set the Project name, Dataset name and table name.
- Step 4: Now, click on the “Save” button.
This completes your BigQuery Tutorial on exporting queries in BigQuery.
How Does Google BigQuery Store Data?
BigQuery leverages columnar storage, in which each column is stored in different file blocks. As a result, BigQuery is an excellent choice for OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) applications. You can easily stream (append) data to BigQuery tables, as well as update or delete existing values. BigQuery allows for unlimited mutations (INSERT, UPDATE, MERGE, DELETE).
Image Source: miro.medium.com
BigQuery uses a columnar format known as Capacitor to store data. Each field of a BigQuery table, i.e. column, is stored in its own Capacitor file, allowing BigQuery to achieve extremely high compression ratios and scan throughput.
BigQuery uses Capacitor to store data in Colossus. Colossus is Google’s next-generation distributed file system and the successor to GFS (Google File Systems). Colossus is in charge of cluster-wide replication, recovery, and distributed management. It ensures durability by storing redundant chunks of data on multiple physical disks with erasure encoding. It supports client-driven replication and encoding.
When writing data to Colossus, BigQuery makes a decision about the sharding strategy which further evolves based on the query and access patterns. Once data is written, BigQuery initiates geo-replication of data across different data centres to ensure maximum availability. By separating storage and compute, you can scale to petabytes of storage without requiring any additional compute resources thus saving cost.
Colossus allows data to be split into multiple partitions for lightning-fast parallel reads, whereas Capacitor reduces scan throughput requirements. They work together to process a terabyte of data per second.
This completes your BigQuery Tutorial on BigQuery data storage.
Conclusion
This article provided you with a comprehensive BigQuery Tutorial and provided in-depth knowledge about the concepts behind every step to help you understand and implement them efficiently. Using BigQuery to draw crucial insights about your business, requires you to bring in data from a diverse set of sources by setting up various ETL pipelines.
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Lahudas focuses on solving data practitioners' problems through content tailored to the data industry by using his problem-solving ability and passion for learning about data science.